Slavery Loophole

Slavery Loophole

The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1865, says “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their...
The Shame of America

The Shame of America

Ida B. Wells, an early anti-lynching advocate who virtually worked alone, exposed the unspeakable brutality of a violent mob with their “unwritten law” that justified putting human beings to death by lynching. Wells documented the history of lynching in the goldfields...
School Desegregation Took 18 Years

School Desegregation Took 18 Years

During the Eisenhower Administration, landmark events shaped the Civil Rights Movement in the 20th Century.  Eight years after the 1954 unanimous ruling of Brown v. Board of Education, the Southern Manifesto (1956), signed by more than 100 Democratic Congressmen,...
First Black American Car Dealer

First Black American Car Dealer

Homer B. Roberts was a WWI veteran and an electrical engineer. Not only was he the first black American car dealer but was also one of the first black retailing giants. He created a cutting-edge campaign of “class and distinction almost describes our cars and...
Black Mariners in Whaling Industry

Black Mariners in Whaling Industry

  Did you know that blacks served among crews on whaling ships before the American Revolution? Did you know that Crispus Attucks spent 20 years as a whaler before he was the first casualty at the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770? Crispus was a fugitive slave from...